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LUC (évangile de) 6.

VI Origine.

Il ressort de tout ce qui précède que notre évangéliste n'était pas juif et n'écrivait pas pour des Juifs. Son destinataire porte un nom grec : Théophile (voir ce mot), personnage réel et non pas symbolique, dont l'épithète officielle : excellent (voir ce mot) marque la haute position. L'auteur lui dédie son livre en deux volumes pour affermir son instruction chrétienne au moyen d'un exposé des faits objectif et indépendant, conçu par un esprit classique. Peut-être devait-il en même temps obtenir de son premier lecteur le patronage pouvant en assurer la copie et la circulation.

A travers Théophile l'évangile a donc pour destinataires des pagano-chrétiens, ou chrétiens d'origine païenne.

Voilà pourquoi n'y paraissent pas les mots hébreux de Marc :

abba (Mr 14:36 parallèle Lu 22:42), hosanna (Mr 11:9 parallèle Lu 19:38), Golgotha (Mr 15:22 parallèle Lu 23:33) ;
ou bien ils sont traduits en grec :
Cananite devient Zélote (Mr 3:18 parallèle Lu 6:15), rabbi devient maître (Lu 9:33 etc.)

La Judée désigne au sens large le pays des Juifs, la Palestine (Lu 1:5 etc.).

L'épithète d'impur qualifie le terme de démon (Lu 4:33, etc.), parce que pour les Grecs il y avait de bons démons, au sens d'esprits (cf. le démon de Socrate) ; la tournure de Lu 9:29, pour décrire la transfiguration, évite le mot grec métamorphose du texte de Marc (Mr 9:2), qui était associé aux mythologies païennes (Ovide, etc.) ; le changement du « toit percé » (Mr 2:4) en « tuiles enlevées » (Lu 5:19) s'accommode à des lecteurs occidentaux ne connaissant guère les toits plats en terrasses.

Tout en respectant l'autorité de la loi israélite (Lu 16:17), Luc ne garde pas les nombreux exemples que d'après les Logia Jésus en avait cités et interprétés (comp. Mt 5:17 parallèle Lu 6:27 et suivants).

Ses citations de l'A. T, sont rares, presque toujours faites par Jésus lui-même ou par des Juifs ; et pourtant elles suivent la traduction grecque des LXX, l'A. T, hébreu ne devant pas être accessible à notre évangéliste, de culture grecque.

Dès lors, la tradition qui désigne en cet auteur, précisément, un Grec instruit, gagné au christianisme, compagnon de l'apôtre Paul, ce compagnon étant le médecin Luc que nomme celui-ci dans trois de ses épîtres, concorde avec bien des données de l'ouvrage lui-même. Sans doute, la majorité des critiques n'attribuent aujourd'hui à Luc que le récit de voyage des Actes écrit à la 1 re personne du pluriel, et le distinguent ainsi de l'auteur à Théophile, qui aurait fait de ce récit la source principale de son 2 e volume. Cette conclusion s'appuie surtout sur des différences de points de vue entre les Actes et saint Paul, à propos desquelles on va jusqu'à dire qu'elle seule peut sauver la sincérité de Paul et de Luc (voir Actes des apôtres).

Il nous semble encore permis, sans méconnaître la réalité de quelque divergence entre les conceptions générales de ces deux auteurs, de la juger explicable et même naturelle, si d'une part on tient compte des conditions respectives du genre historique des Actes et du genre épistolaire de circonstance des épîtres (par ex. sur la question des voyages à Jérusalem d'Ac 11:30 15:1 et suivants et de Ga 1:18 2:1,10), et si d'autre part on admet que Luc n'étant pas théologien comme le grand apôtre n'a pas saisi dans toute leur portée les principes essentiels pour l'Église primitive (par ex. sur les rites juifs et la liberté chrétienne) : peut-être son coeur généreux et conciliant a-t-il inconsciemment estompé certains des conflits dont les grandes épîtres nous donnent un écho frémissant, tandis que le but et le plan de son ouvrage pouvaient le décider consciemment à ne pas accentuer sous les yeux de païens récemment convertis des controverses probablement périmées pour leurs milieux à l'époque où il écrivait. L'autorité de savants tels qu'Ad. Harnack, W. Ramsay, J. Hawkins, résolument favorables à la tradition sur Luc ami de Théophile, auteur de l'évangile et des Actes, prouve bien, en regard des nombreux adversaires de cette tradition, que la solution du difficile problème divise à l'heure actuelle les spécialistes les plus éminents. L'époque de la rédaction de l'évangile--qui dut précéder de quelques années celle du livre des Actes--dépend d'abord de celle de Marc, sa première source, après laquelle il faut supposer une certaine période pour l'évolution d'une vénération grandissante à l'égard des apôtres. Cette évolution nous a paru moins avancée peut-être chez Luc que chez Matthieu ; ayant donc admis entre Marc et Matthieu un intervalle de 10 à 15 ans, nous serons amené à une évaluation analogue, plutôt un peu moindre, pour l'intervalle entre Marc et Luc, soit 8 à 12 ans, ce qui pourrait placer l'évangile entre 72 et 75 environ ; le livre des Actes aurait alors paru vers 80.

Cette évaluation n'est guère affectée par la question de savoir si l'apocalypse de Luc (ch. 21) fut écrite avant ou après l'événement qu'elle annonce, de la ruine de Jérusalem (en 70). C'est qu'il est difficile de se prononcer avec objectivité en présence d'apparences contradictoires : paraissent postérieures à cette ruine les précisions du verset 20, « Jérusalem investie par des armées », (cf. Lu 19:43 : « tes ennemis t'environneront de tranchées, t'investiront de toutes parts, te détruiront entièrement, etc. ») qui remplacent comme par une description de quelque chose de vu le prophétique et mystérieux hébraïsme du parallèle « l'abomination de la désolation » (Mr 13:14, Mt 24:13) ; mais paraît antérieure aux événements la prédiction du verset 21, car en fait les chrétiens devaient s'enfuir à Pella, dans une vallée, et non pas « dans les montagnes ». Cette page eschatologique a du reste un. caractère si particulier qu'elle a pu avoir une existence indépendante et circuler en subissant diverses retouches, avant d'être insérée successivement dans les trois synoptiques. Il faudrait d'ailleurs, pour traiter sous tous ses aspects le problème de la date du 3 e évangile, tenir compte des éléments du problème pour le livre des Actes (voir art.).

L'incertitude de la date rend la question du lieu de composition tout à fait insoluble. Si l'ouvrage en deux volumes était en rapport avec le procès de Paul, ce serait sans doute Rome. En ce cas, la date devrait en être reportée en arrière, ce que rend fort improbable le caractère secondaire de l'évangile. De toute manière, il est issu de milieux pagano-chrétiens.

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      Lamentations 1

      1 How the city sits solitary, that was full of people! She has become as a widow, who was great among the nations! She who was a princess among the provinces has become tributary!
      2 She weeps bitterly in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; among all her lovers she has none to comfort her: All her friends have dealt treacherously with her; they are become her enemies.
      3 Judah is gone into captivity because of affliction, and because of great servitude; she dwells among the nations, she finds no rest: all her persecutors overtook her within the straits.
      4 The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn assembly; all her gates are desolate, her priests do sigh: her virgins are afflicted, and she herself is in bitterness.
      5 Her adversaries are become the head, her enemies prosper; for Yahweh has afflicted her for the multitude of her transgressions: her young children are gone into captivity before the adversary.
      6 From the daughter of Zion all her majesty is departed: her princes are become like harts that find no pasture, they are gone without strength before the pursuer.
      7 Jerusalem remembers in the days of her affliction and of her miseries all her pleasant things that were from the days of old: when her people fell into the hand of the adversary, and no one helped her, The adversaries saw her, they mocked at her desolations.
      8 Jerusalem has grievously sinned; therefore she has become as an unclean thing; all who honored her despise her, because they have seen her nakedness: yes, she sighs, and turns backward.
      9 Her filthiness was in her skirts; she didn't remember her latter end; therefore is she come down wonderfully; she has no comforter: see, Yahweh, my affliction; for the enemy has magnified himself.
      10 The adversary has spread out his hand on all her pleasant things: for she has seen that the nations are entered into her sanctuary, concerning whom you commanded that they should not enter into your assembly.
      11 All her people sigh, they seek bread; they have given their pleasant things for food to refresh the soul: look, Yahweh, and see; for I am become abject.
      12 Is it nothing to you, all you who pass by? Look, and see if there is any sorrow like my sorrow, which is brought on me, With which Yahweh has afflicted me in the day of his fierce anger.
      13 From on high has he sent fire into my bones, and it prevails against them; He has spread a net for my feet, he has turned me back: He has made me desolate and faint all the day.
      14 The yoke of my transgressions is bound by his hand; They are knit together, they have come up on my neck; he has made my strength to fail: The Lord has delivered me into their hands, against whom I am not able to stand.
      15 The Lord has set at nothing all my mighty men in the midst of me; He has called a solemn assembly against me to crush my young men: The Lord has trodden as in a winepress the virgin daughter of Judah.
      16 For these things I weep; my eye, my eye runs down with water; Because the comforter who should refresh my soul is far from me: My children are desolate, because the enemy has prevailed.
      17 Zion spreads forth her hands; there is none to comfort her; Yahweh has commanded concerning Jacob, that those who are around him should be his adversaries: Jerusalem is among them as an unclean thing.
      18 Yahweh is righteous; for I have rebelled against his commandment: Please hear all you peoples, and see my sorrow: My virgins and my young men are gone into captivity.
      19 I called for my lovers, but they deceived me: My priests and my elders gave up the spirit in the city, While they sought them food to refresh their souls.
      20 See, Yahweh; for I am in distress; my heart is troubled; My heart is turned within me; for I have grievously rebelled: Abroad the sword bereaves, at home there is as death.
      21 They have heard that I sigh; there is none to comfort me; All my enemies have heard of my trouble; they are glad that you have done it: You will bring the day that you have proclaimed, and they shall be like me.
      22 Let all their wickedness come before you; Do to them, as you have done to me for all my transgressions: For my sighs are many, and my heart is faint.

      Matthieu 5

      17 "Don't think that I came to destroy the law or the prophets. I didn't come to destroy, but to fulfill.

      Matthieu 24

      13 But he who endures to the end, the same will be saved.

      Marc 2

      4 When they could not come near to him for the crowd, they removed the roof where he was. When they had broken it up, they let down the mat that the paralytic was lying on.

      Marc 3

      18 Andrew; Philip; Bartholomew; Matthew; Thomas; James, the son of Alphaeus; Thaddaeus; Simon the Zealot;

      Marc 9

      2 After six days Jesus took with him Peter, James, and John, and brought them up onto a high mountain privately by themselves, and he was changed into another form in front of them.

      Marc 11

      9 Those who went in front, and those who followed, cried out, "Hosanna ! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!

      Marc 13

      14 But when you see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing where it ought not (let the reader understand), then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains,

      Marc 14

      36 He said, "Abba, Father, all things are possible to you. Please remove this cup from me. However, not what I desire, but what you desire."

      Marc 15

      22 They brought him to the place called Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, "The place of a skull."

      Luc 1

      5 There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the priestly division of Abijah. He had a wife of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth.

      Luc 4

      33 In the synagogue there was a man who had a spirit of an unclean demon, and he cried out with a loud voice,

      Luc 5

      19 Not finding a way to bring him in because of the multitude, they went up to the housetop, and let him down through the tiles with his cot into the midst before Jesus.

      Luc 6

      15 Matthew; Thomas; James, the son of Alphaeus; Simon, who was called the Zealot;
      27 "But I tell you who hear: love your enemies, do good to those who hate you,
      28 bless those who curse you, and pray for those who mistreat you.
      29 To him who strikes you on the cheek, offer also the other; and from him who takes away your cloak, don't withhold your coat also.
      30 Give to everyone who asks you, and don't ask him who takes away your goods to give them back again.
      31 "As you would like people to do to you, do exactly so to them.
      32 If you love those who love you, what credit is that to you? For even sinners love those who love them.
      33 If you do good to those who do good to you, what credit is that to you? For even sinners do the same.
      34 If you lend to those from whom you hope to receive, what credit is that to you? Even sinners lend to sinners, to receive back as much.
      35 But love your enemies, and do good, and lend, expecting nothing back; and your reward will be great, and you will be children of the Most High; for he is kind toward the unthankful and evil.
      36 Therefore be merciful, even as your Father is also merciful.
      37 Don't judge, and you won't be judged. Don't condemn, and you won't be condemned. Set free, and you will be set free.
      38 "Give, and it will be given to you: good measure, pressed down, shaken together, and running over, will be given to you. For with the same measure you measure it will be measured back to you."
      39 He spoke a parable to them. "Can the blind guide the blind? Won't they both fall into a pit?
      40 A disciple is not above his teacher, but everyone when he is fully trained will be like his teacher.
      41 Why do you see the speck of chaff that is in your brother's eye, but don't consider the beam that is in your own eye?
      42 Or how can you tell your brother, 'Brother, let me remove the speck of chaff that is in your eye,' when you yourself don't see the beam that is in your own eye? You hypocrite! First remove the beam from your own eye, and then you can see clearly to remove the speck of chaff that is in your brother's eye.
      43 For there is no good tree that brings forth rotten fruit; nor again a rotten tree that brings forth good fruit.
      44 For each tree is known by its own fruit. For people don't gather figs from thorns, nor do they gather grapes from a bramble bush.
      45 The good man out of the good treasure of his heart brings out that which is good, and the evil man out of the evil treasure of his heart brings out that which is evil, for out of the abundance of the heart, his mouth speaks.
      46 "Why do you call me, 'Lord, Lord,' and don't do the things which I say?
      47 Everyone who comes to me, and hears my words, and does them, I will show you who he is like.
      48 He is like a man building a house, who dug and went deep, and laid a foundation on the rock. When a flood arose, the stream broke against that house, and could not shake it, because it was founded on the rock.
      49 But he who hears, and doesn't do, is like a man who built a house on the earth without a foundation, against which the stream broke, and immediately it fell, and the ruin of that house was great."

      Luc 9

      29 As he was praying, the appearance of his face was altered, and his clothing became white and dazzling.
      33 It happened, as they were parting from him, that Peter said to Jesus, "Master, it is good for us to be here. Let's make three tents: one for you, and one for Moses, and one for Elijah," not knowing what he said.

      Luc 16

      17 But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away, than for one tiny stroke of a pen in the law to fall.

      Luc 19

      38 saying, "Blessed is the King who comes in the name of the Lord! Peace in heaven, and glory in the highest!"
      43 For the days will come on you, when your enemies will throw up a barricade against you, surround you, hem you in on every side,

      Luc 22

      42 saying, "Father, if you are willing, remove this cup from me. Nevertheless, not my will, but yours, be done."

      Luc 23

      33 When they came to the place that is called The Skull, they crucified him there with the criminals, one on the right and the other on the left.

      Actes 11

      30 which they also did, sending it to the elders by the hands of Barnabas and Saul.

      Actes 15

      1 Some men came down from Judea and taught the brothers, "Unless you are circumcised after the custom of Moses, you can't be saved."

      Galates 1

      18 Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Peter, and stayed with him fifteen days.

      Galates 2

      1 Then after a period of fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus also with me.
      10 They only asked us to remember the poor--which very thing I was also zealous to do.
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