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SAMARIE

Aujourd'hui Sébastîyé, petit village à 10 km. au Nord-O, de Naplouse (Sichem-Néapolis).

L'origine de Samarie est relativement tardive puisqu'elle ne remonte qu'au roi d'Israël Omri (IX° siècle av. J. -C), qui fit choix de la colline (fig. 230) appartenant à un certain Semer pour y fonder la capitale de son royaume (1Ro 16:24). La position était remarquable, et si Omri dut céder quelques villes au roi de Damas (1Ro 20:31), Achab son fils put y résister aux attaques de Ben-Hadad dont les troupes s'adaptaient mal aux alentours accidentés de « la montagne de Samarie » (1Ro 20:23). L'alliance conclue avec Damas s'accompagna pour la ville d'une grande prospérité. Achab agrandit le palais d'Omri et le décora de plaques d'ivoire (1Ro 22:39), d'un ivoire acheté sans doute sur les marchés de Tyr (Eze 27:15). Le roi d'Israël était devenu le gendre du roi de Tyr, Ethbaal, en épousant sa fille Jézabel, qui introduisit à Samarie le culte des dieux phéniciens (1Ro 16:31 et suivant). Joram fit disparaître une des idoles (2Ro 3:2), sans pourtant proscrire l'adoration des veaux, le « péché de Jéroboam » (2Ro 3:3,1Ro 12:28) et le culte d'Astarté. Il fut tantôt l'allié, tantôt l'adversaire du roi de Syrie qui revint mettre le siège devant Samarie (2Ro 6:24), mais la ville fut délivrée, les assiégeants ayant brusquement pris la fuite (2Ro 7:7). On sait que Jéhu arriva au pouvoir en faisant massacrer tous les membres de la famille royale. Son entrée à Samarie fut suivie de l'extermination des prêtres « de Baal » et de la destruction de son temple et de ses statues (2Ro 10:24,27).

Il serait trop long d'énumérer tous les événements qui marquèrent les règnes des rois d'Israël. On peut pourtant signaler, à l'époque prospère de Jéroboam II (782-743 av. J. -C), la prédication discordante d'Amos, tonnant contre le luxe des grands de Samarie dans des « palais d'ivoire » (Am 3:15, cf. 1Ro 22:39) et contre celui de leurs femmes, ces « génisses de Basan ! » (Am 4:1). Les jours de la ruine étaient proches. (cf. Mic 1:1-16) Au roi d'Assyrie Salmanasar III, Jéhu avait déjà dû payer un tribut. Ménahem (Me-ni-hi-me du pays de Sa-me-ri-na-a) fut imposé plus lourdement encore par Pul (Tiglath-Piléser), qui perçut 1.000 talents d'argent (2Ro 15:19).

Sous Osée, Samarie assiégée par Salmanasar fut prise par son successeur Sargon II, en 722 av. J. -C. Les textes bibliques attribuent, à tort, la prise de Samarie à Salmanasar (voir ce mot) ; le « roi d'Assyrie » (2Ro 17:4) est bien Sargon et non Salmanasar, malgré. 2Ro 18:9 ; les textes cunéiformes sont, à ce sujet, particulièrement précis.

Les Israélites (27.290) furent déportés à Chalah (non loin de Caran), le long du Chabor et en Médie. Des colons babyloniens et araméens furent installés dans « les villes de Samarie », et l'on connaît tous leurs déboires jusqu'au jour où un prêtre, d'entre les captifs, vint s'établir au milieu d'eux pour leur enseigner « la manière de servir le dieu du pays » (2Ro 17). On sait comment les Samaritains furent tenus à l'écart par les Juifs revenus d'exil. Samarie vécut encore des jours troublés quand elle se révolta contre Alexandre le Grand (331 av. J. -C.) ou résista à Jean Hyrcan (120 av. J. -C).

Rattachée par Pompée à la province de Syrie, reconstruite par Gabinius, Samarie retrouva une ère de prospérité sous Hérode le Grand, qui avait reçu la ville d'Auguste ; cela lui valut de prendre le nom de Sébasté (=Auguste) et de connaître des embellissements multiples. Jésus aurait pu les voir de loin, car il semble qu'il ait traversé une ou deux fois la Samarie (Lu 8:52, Jn 4:4). Le christianisme y fut prêché par Philippe (Ac 8:5), que vinrent renforcer Pierre et Jean (Jn 8:14) ; Simon le magicien essaya, mais en vain, d'acheter d'eux le charisme de l'imposition des mains (Jn 8:18). Les croisés restaurèrent au XII e siècle une église byzantine, élevée à Samarie, sur la route de Jean-Baptiste ; cette tradition, déjà attestée par saint Jérôme, n'est pas pourtant sans soulever bien des difficultés.

Moins hypothétiques sont les résultats des fouilles entreprises sur le site de Samarie, dès 1908, par une mission américaine de l'Université de Harvard. Bien des monuments ont été dégagés qui sont du plus grand intérêt pour l'histoire biblique. Sans parler des ruines d'époque romaine (basilique, colonnade hérodienne, temple d'Auguste, statue colossale d'Auguste malheureusement très mutilée), les travaux ont exhumé des vestiges de palais attribués à Omri et Achab (fig. 232). Les explorateurs croient aussi avoir retrouvé les fondements de la tour ( « citadelle du palais royal ») où Pékah assassina Pékahia (2Ro 15:25), la piscine ( « l'étang de Samarie ») où fut lavé le char ensanglanté d'Achab (1Ro 22:38). Dans les ruines des palais, on recueillit aussi toute une collection de tessons (ostraka), portant de courtes inscriptions hébraïques, véritables étiquettes apposées à des jarres d'huile ou de vin et qui sont datées des environs de 865 av. J. -C, grâce à un fragment de vase au nom du pharaon Osorkon II (874-853), trouvé dans les parages. Avec quelques lignes d'écriture trouvées à Guézer (date : 900 av. J. -C), les ostraka de Samarie sont les plus anciens spécimens de l'écriture hébraïque. (Vient ensuite l'inscription de Siloé, un peu plus tardive, puisqu'elle fut gravée sous Ézéchias [700 av. J. -C].) Sur la pente occidentale de la colline, les fouilles ont dégagé la porte de la ville et l'on y distingue des remaniements successifs destinés à renforcer le système de défense. Avec ses contreforts bien appareillés et épaulés par deux solides tours, la porte de Samarie, devant laquelle se déroulèrent tant d'événements (1Ro 22:10 et suivant, 2Ro 7:1,3,17,20), est un des documents les plus expressifs de tous ceux que l'expédition de Harvard remit à la lumière (fig- 231). Souhaitons la reprise des recherches et surtout la découverte des tombes royales, jusqu'ici non localisées, et peut-être non violées. A. P.

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      2 Chroniques 18

      2 After certain years he went down to Ahab to Samaria. Ahab killed sheep and cattle for him in abundance, and for the people who were with him, and moved him to go up with him to Ramoth Gilead.
      9 Now the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah sat each on his throne, arrayed in their robes, and they were sitting in an open place at the entrance of the gate of Samaria; and all the prophets were prophesying before them.

      2 Chroniques 22

      9 He sought Ahaziah, and they caught him (now he was hiding in Samaria), and they brought him to Jehu, and killed him; and they buried him, for they said, "He is the son of Jehoshaphat, who sought Yahweh with all his heart." The house of Ahaziah had no power to hold the kingdom.

      2 Chroniques 25

      13 But the men of the army whom Amaziah sent back, that they should not go with him to battle, fell on the cities of Judah, from Samaria even to Beth Horon, and struck of them three thousand, and took much spoil.
      24 He took all the gold and silver, and all the vessels that were found in God's house with Obed-Edom, and the treasures of the king's house, the hostages also, and returned to Samaria.

      2 Chroniques 28

      8 The children of Israel carried away captive of their brothers two hundred thousand, women, sons, and daughters, and took also away much spoil from them, and brought the spoil to Samaria.
      9 But a prophet of Yahweh was there, whose name was Oded: and he went out to meet the army that came to Samaria, and said to them, "Behold, because Yahweh, the God of your fathers, was angry with Judah, he has delivered them into your hand, and you have slain them in a rage which has reached up to heaven.
      15 The men who have been mentioned by name rose up, and took the captives, and with the spoil clothed all who were naked among them, dressed them, gave them sandals, and gave them something to eat and to drink, anointed them, carried all the feeble of them on donkeys, and brought them to Jericho, the city of palm trees, to their brothers. Then they returned to Samaria.

      Esdras 4

      10 and the rest of the nations whom the great and noble Osnappar brought over, and set in the city of Samaria, and in the rest of the country beyond the River, and so forth, wrote.
      17 Then the king sent an answer to Rehum the chancellor, and to Shimshai the scribe, and to the rest of their companions who dwell in Samaria, and in the rest of the country beyond the River: Peace, and so forth.

      Néhémie 4

      2 He spoke before his brothers and the army of Samaria, and said, "What are these feeble Jews doing? Will they fortify themselves? Will they sacrifice? Will they finish in a day? Will they revive the stones out of the heaps of rubbish, since they are burned?"

      Esaïe 7

      9 and the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is Remaliah's son. If you will not believe, surely you shall not be established.'"

      Esaïe 8

      4 For before the child knows how to say, 'My father,' and, 'My mother,' the riches of Damascus and the spoil of Samaria will be carried away by the king of Assyria."

      Esaïe 9

      9 All the people will know, including Ephraim and the inhabitants of Samaria, who say in pride and in arrogance of heart,

      Esaïe 10

      9 Isn't Calno like Carchemish? Isn't Hamath like Arpad? Isn't Samaria like Damascus?"
      10 As my hand has found the kingdoms of the idols, whose engraved images exceeded those of Jerusalem and of Samaria;
      11 shall I not, as I have done to Samaria and her idols, so do to Jerusalem and her idols?

      Esaïe 36

      19 Where are the gods of Hamath and Arpad? Where are the gods of Sepharvaim? Have they delivered Samaria from my hand?

      Jérémie 23

      13 I have seen folly in the prophets of Samaria; they prophesied by Baal, and caused my people Israel to err.

      Jérémie 31

      5 Again you shall plant vineyards on the mountains of Samaria; the planters shall plant, and shall enjoy its fruit.

      Jérémie 41

      5 that there came men from Shechem, from Shiloh, and from Samaria, even eighty men, having their beards shaved and their clothes torn, and having cut themselves, with meal offerings and frankincense in their hand, to bring them to the house of Yahweh.

      Ezéchiel 16

      46 Your elder sister is Samaria, who dwells at your left hand, she and her daughters; and your younger sister, who dwells at your right hand, is Sodom and her daughters.
      51 Neither has Samaria committed half of your sins; but you have multiplied your abominations more than they, and have justified your sisters by all your abominations which you have done.
      53 I will turn again their captivity, the captivity of Sodom and her daughters, and the captivity of Samaria and her daughters, and the captivity of your captives in their midst;
      55 Your sisters, Sodom and her daughters, shall return to their former estate; and Samaria and her daughters shall return to their former estate; and you and your daughters shall return to your former estate.

      Ezéchiel 23

      4 Their names were Oholah the elder, and Oholibah her sister: and they became mine, and they bore sons and daughters. As for their names, Samaria is Oholah, and Jerusalem Oholibah.
      33 You shall be filled with drunkenness and sorrow, with the cup of astonishment and desolation, with the cup of your sister Samaria.

      Ezéchiel 27

      15 The men of Dedan were your traffickers; many islands were the market of your hand: they brought you in exchange horns of ivory and ebony.

      Osée 7

      1 When I would heal Israel, then the iniquity of Ephraim is uncovered, also the wickedness of Samaria; for they commit falsehood, and the thief enters in, and the gang of robbers ravages outside.

      Osée 8

      5 Let Samaria throw out his calf idol! My anger burns against them! How long will it be until they are capable of purity?
      6 For this is even from Israel! The workman made it, and it is no God; indeed, the calf of Samaria shall be broken in pieces.

      Osée 10

      5 The inhabitants of Samaria will be in terror for the calves of Beth Aven; for its people will mourn over it, Along with its priests who rejoiced over it, for its glory, because it has departed from it.
      7 Samaria and her king float away, like a twig on the water.

      Osée 13

      16 Samaria will bear her guilt; for she has rebelled against her God. They will fall by the sword. Their infants will be dashed in pieces, and their pregnant women will be ripped open."

      Amos 3

      9 Proclaim in the palaces at Ashdod, and in the palaces in the land of Egypt, and say, "Assemble yourselves on the mountains of Samaria, and see what unrest is in her, and what oppression is among them."
      12 Thus says Yahweh: "As the shepherd rescues out of the mouth of the lion two legs, or a piece of an ear, so shall the children of Israel be rescued who sit in Samaria on the corner of a couch, and on the silken cushions of a bed."
      15 I will strike the winter house with the summer house; and the houses of ivory will perish, and the great houses will have an end," says Yahweh.

      Amos 4

      1 Listen to this word, you cows of Bashan, who are on the mountain of Samaria, who oppress the poor, who crush the needy, who tell their husbands, "Bring us drinks!"

      Amos 6

      1 Woe to those who are at ease in Zion, and to those who are secure on the mountain of Samaria, the notable men of the chief of the nations, to whom the house of Israel come!

      Abdias 1

      19 Those of the South will possess the mountain of Esau, and those of the lowland, the Philistines. They will possess the field of Ephraim, and the field of Samaria. Benjamin will possess Gilead.

      Michée 1

      1 The word of Yahweh that came to Micah the Morashtite in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, which he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem.
      2 Hear, you peoples, all of you. Listen, O earth, and all that is therein: and let the Lord Yahweh be witness against you, the Lord from his holy temple.
      3 For, behold, Yahweh comes forth out of his place, and will come down and tread on the high places of the earth.
      4 The mountains melt under him, and the valleys split apart, like wax before the fire, like waters that are poured down a steep place.
      5 "All this is for the disobedience of Jacob, and for the sins of the house of Israel. What is the disobedience of Jacob? Isn't it Samaria? And what are the high places of Judah? Aren't they Jerusalem?
      6 Therefore I will make Samaria like a rubble heap of the field, like places for planting vineyards; and I will pour down its stones into the valley, and I will uncover its foundations.
      7 All her idols will be beaten to pieces, and all her temple gifts will be burned with fire, and all her images I will destroy; for of the hire of a prostitute has she gathered them, and to the hire of a prostitute shall they return."
      8 For this I will lament and wail; I will go stripped and naked; I will howl like the jackals, and moan like the daughters of owls.
      9 For her wounds are incurable; for it has come even to Judah. It reaches to the gate of my people, even to Jerusalem.
      10 Don't tell it in Gath. Don't weep at all. At Beth Ophrah I have rolled myself in the dust.
      11 Pass on, inhabitant of Shaphir, in nakedness and shame. The inhabitant of Zaanan won't come out. The wailing of Beth Ezel will take from you his protection.
      12 For the inhabitant of Maroth waits anxiously for good, because evil has come down from Yahweh to the gate of Jerusalem.
      13 Harness the chariot to the swift steed, inhabitant of Lachish. She was the beginning of sin to the daughter of Zion; For the transgressions of Israel were found in you.
      14 Therefore you will give a parting gift to Moresheth Gath. The houses of Achzib will be a deceitful thing to the kings of Israel.
      15 I will yet bring to you, inhabitant of Mareshah. He who is the glory of Israel will come to Adullam.
      16 Shave your heads, and cut off your hair for the children of your delight. Enlarge your baldness like the vulture; for they have gone into captivity from you!

      Luc 8

      52 All were weeping and mourning her, but he said, "Don't weep. She isn't dead, but sleeping."

      Luc 17

      11 It happened as he was on his way to Jerusalem, that he was passing along the borders of Samaria and Galilee.

      Jean 4

      4 He needed to pass through Samaria.
      5 So he came to a city of Samaria, called Sychar, near the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son, Joseph.
      7 A woman of Samaria came to draw water. Jesus said to her, "Give me a drink."
      9 The Samaritan woman therefore said to him, "How is it that you, being a Jew, ask for a drink from me, a Samaritan woman?" (For Jews have no dealings with Samaritans.)

      Jean 8

      14 Jesus answered them, "Even if I testify about myself, my testimony is true, for I know where I came from, and where I am going; but you don't know where I came from, or where I am going.
      18 I am one who testifies about myself, and the Father who sent me testifies about me."

      Actes 1

      8 But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you. You will be witnesses to me in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the uttermost parts of the earth."

      Actes 8

      1 Saul was consenting to his death. A great persecution arose against the assembly which was in Jerusalem in that day. They were all scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judea and Samaria, except for the apostles.
      5 Philip went down to the city of Samaria, and proclaimed to them the Christ.
      9 But there was a certain man, Simon by name, who used to practice sorcery in the city, and amazed the people of Samaria, making himself out to be some great one,
      14 Now when the apostles who were at Jerusalem heard that Samaria had received the word of God, they sent Peter and John to them,

      Actes 9

      31 So the assemblies throughout all Judea and Galilee and Samaria had peace, and were built up. They were multiplied, walking in the fear of the Lord and in the comfort of the Holy Spirit.

      Actes 15

      3 They, being sent on their way by the assembly, passed through both Phoenicia and Samaria, declaring the conversion of the Gentiles. They caused great joy to all the brothers.
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